Artificial Intelligence — lineage

1950

I.—COMPUTING MACHINERY AND INTELLIGENCE

S 64 · V 86

Alan Turing · Mind · cited 9705× · doi:10.1093/mind/lix.236.433

The argument, decomposed

C1 Intelligent machines (e.g., AI systems) can produce outputs with significant societal and organizational impacts, both positive and negative. — via citances — c: ChatGPT has potential for positive/negative impacts (2023, p.1).

citation

C2 The imitation game (Turing Test) provides a framework for evaluating machine intelligence by human indistinguishability. — via citances — c: Implied by focus on indistinguishable text generation (2023, p.1).

citation

P1 Machines can exhibit behavior indistinguishable from human intelligence in specific tasks (e.g., text generation). — via citances — c: ChatGPT generates text indistinguishable from humans (2023, p.1).

citation

P2 Intelligent machinery has broad applicability across diverse fields (e.g., education, business, healthcare). — via citances — c: ChatGPT applicable across contexts; enhances productivity (2023, p.1).

citation

P3 The development of intelligent machines raises ethical and legal challenges alongside opportunities. — via citances — c: ChatGPT presents ethical/legal challenges (2023, p.1).

citation

1951

Chapter VI: Computational Technics

Nicholas A. Fattu · Review of Educational Research · cited 4× · doi:10.3102/00346543021005415

Not decomposed yet — the abstract wasn't reachable open-access. It stays on the spine; the walker retries via citing papers' context.

1952

“The Status of Brain in the Concept of Mind”

S 72 · V 83 ⚖ 20

Henry Cohen · Philosophy · cited 7× · doi:10.1017/s0031819100033945

The argument, decomposed

→ read it as a story (PaperStories)

C1 Philosophy should be restored to its earlier and rightful basic role in medical education. — Follows from premises but lacks empirical or theoretical grounding.

argument

C2 Medicine's focus on accumulating facts has come at the expense of reflection and interpretation of its broader role in knowledge. — Author's conclusion; not directly supported by data.

argument

C3 The concept of the 'whole' patient, integrating physical and mental aspects, should be central to medical practice. — Derived from Manson's practice but not empirically validated here.

argument

C4 The topic of the brain's role in the concept of mind is of particular relevance to integrating philosophy and medicine. — Author's assertion; no direct evidence or argument provided.

argument

P1 Dr. Manson was a family doctor in Warrington, Lancs., who advocated for the integration of philosophy into medical education. — Well-supported by the author's personal association and described influence.

argument

P2 Dr. Manson recognized that medicine and basic sciences were overly focused on accumulating facts, leaving little time for reflection and interpretation. — Plausible but lacks direct evidence; based on author's interpretation.

argument

P3 Dr. Manson practiced the dictum that 'No disease is wholly physical, and none wholly mental.' — Supported by author's claim of Manson's practice, but no direct data.

argument

P4 Dr. Manson viewed patients as 'whole' individuals, not as isolated components like body, mind, environment, or family. — Author's interpretation of Manson's approach; no direct citation.

argument

P5 The isolation of medicine from philosophy is an unintelligible and lamentable phenomenon of the time. — Author's opinion; no empirical support provided.

argument

1953

CYBERNETICS AND MENTAL FUNCTIONING

R. W. Thomson, W. Sluckin · The British Journal for the Philosophy … · cited 4× · doi:10.1093/bjps/iv.14.130

Not decomposed yet — the abstract wasn't reachable open-access. It stays on the spine; the walker retries via citing papers' context.

1953

Computers and Automata

S 79 · V 85 ⚖ 33

Claude E. Shannon · Proceedings of the IRE · cited 119× · doi:10.1109/jrproc.1953.274273

The argument, decomposed

→ read it as a story (PaperStories)

C1 The field of automata and nonnumerical computation encompasses diverse machines and theoretical questions. — General conclusion from described examples.

argument

C2 Theoretical frameworks like Turing's and von Neumann's provide foundational models for understanding computation and self-reproduction. — Supported by cited theoretical work.

citation

P1 Recent developments in the field of automata and nonnumerical computation include logic machines, game-playing machines, and learning machines. — Descriptive claim without specific data or citations.

argument

P2 Turing's formulation of computing machines is a theoretical development in the field. — Well-established theoretical framework.

citation

P3 Von Neumann's models of self-reproducing machines are discussed as a theoretical development. — Foundational work in automata theory.

citation

P4 A comparison of computers and the brain is presented as a theoretical question. — Speculative argument without empirical grounding.

argument

1953

Can Machines Think?

M. V. Wilkes · Proceedings of the IRE · cited 19× · doi:10.1109/jrproc.1953.274272

Not decomposed yet — the abstract wasn't reachable open-access. It stays on the spine; the walker retries via citing papers' context.

1955

On the Design of Automata and the Interpretation of Cerebral Behavior

S 68 · V 79 ⚖ 43

Stanley P. Frankel · Psychometrika · cited 8× · doi:10.1007/bf02288987

The argument, decomposed

→ read it as a story (PaperStories)

C1 The control mechanism of an automaton simulating human behavior would be of very great logical complexity. — Follows from premise about explicit behavior description difficulty.

argument

C2 Its mode of operation probably would not resemble that of a human brain. — Inference from logical vs. stochastic model differences.

argument

C3 Stochastic models can more easily be designed or understood by reason of lesser logical complexity. — Theoretical comparison; no quantitative evidence.

argument

C4 One extremely simple stochastic model is shown to have properties suggestive of learning ability. — Limited empirical investigation; no population/numbers cited.

data

P1 In principle it is possible to design automata to display any explicitly described behavior. — Theoretical argument; no empirical data provided.

argument

P2 The McCulloch-Pitts 'neuron' is a convenient elementary component for the control mechanisms of automata. — Cited as established in prior work (McCulloch & Pitts, 1943).

citation

P3 Previously described techniques permit the design of an automaton which would arbitrarily well simulate human behavior. — Assumes explicit description of behavior is feasible; no evidence provided.

argument

P4 The difficulty of producing such a design lies primarily in formulating an explicit description of the required behavior. — Logical argument; aligns with known challenges in behavior modeling.

argument

P5 The brain is more plausibly represented by stochastic models as proposed by Hebb. — Cites Hebb (1949) but no direct empirical comparison.

citation

1955

Alan Mathison Turing, 1912-1954

S 85 · V 91 ⚖ 41

M. H. A. Newman · Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the … · cited 53× · doi:10.1098/rsbm.1955.0019

The argument, decomposed

→ read it as a story (PaperStories)

C1 Turing's early death caused a significant loss to science, particularly in the development of his chemical theory of growth and form. — Implied by the abstract's emphasis on his 'unfulfilled design'.

argument

C2 Turing possessed a rare combination of abilities as a mathematical analyst, machine computing pioneer, and natural philosopher. — Directly stated in the abstract.

argument

C3 His work in chemical morphogenesis was a promising and original direction at the time of his death. — Inferred from the abstract's tone and focus.

argument

C4 Turing's educational experiences highlight a tension between his scientific inclinations and traditional academic expectations. — Based on the described contrast in his interests.

argument

P1 Alan Turing died suddenly on 7 June 1954 at the height of his intellectual power. — Assumed factual given the obituary context.

argument

P2 Turing had recently focused on a chemical theory of growth and form, combining mathematical analysis, machine computing, and natural philosophy. — Supported by the abstract's description of his post-war work.

argument

P3 His 1952 preliminary report and posthumous account describe only an initial sketch of this theory. — Directly stated in the abstract.

argument

P4 Turing was born on 23 June 1912 in London to Julius Mathison Turing and Ethel Sara Turing (née Stoney). — Biographical fact presented as uncontested.

argument

P5 Turing showed early and unwavering interest in science and mathematics, contrasting with his indifference to Latin and 'English subjects'. — Anecdotal but consistent with historical accounts of his education.

argument

1953

Survey-Research Methods for the Study of Communities and Community Problems

S 68 · V 78 ⚖ 32

Stephen B. Withey · Review of Educational Research · cited 2× · doi:10.2307/1169189

The argument, decomposed

→ read it as a story (PaperStories)

C1 Survey-research methods are a viable and underutilized tool for studying communities and their problems. — Conclusion extrapolates from methodological review to broader applicability.

argument

C2 Educational and social action programs should incorporate survey methods to improve empirical grounding. — Normative claim without direct evidence of efficacy.

argument

C3 Future community research must prioritize methodological rigor in survey design and implementation. — Prescriptive conclusion based on assumed gaps in existing work.

argument

C4 The integration of survey methods into community studies can enhance cross-disciplinary collaboration. — Speculative; no case studies or examples provided.

argument

P1 Survey research methods can be systematically applied to the study of communities and community problems. — Assumes methodological adaptability without empirical validation in abstract.

argument

P2 Communities exhibit measurable social structures and dynamics that are amenable to quantitative analysis. — Premise relies on mid-20th century sociological assumptions about community homogeneity.

assumption

P3 Standardized survey instruments can capture nuanced community-level data across diverse populations. — Lacks specificity about instrument validation or population heterogeneity.

argument

P4 Educational research can benefit from integrating survey methods to address human relations and action programs. — Supported by disciplinary context of the journal but not empirically demonstrated.

argument

P5 The paper reviews existing literature on survey methods in community studies up to 1953. — Citation-based premise; scope limited to pre-1953 work.

citation

1957

Data Processing: Automation in Calculation

S 75 · V 86 ⚖ 32

Charles Wrigley · Review of Educational Research · cited 5× · doi:10.2307/1169169

The argument, decomposed

→ read it as a story (PaperStories)

C1 Electronic computation deserves particular attention in this review due to its emerging preference, methodological impact, and relative obscurity in education/psychology. — Synthesizes premises but lacks empirical grounding.

argument

C2 Punched-card equipment remains relevant for large-scale educational calculations and will be summarized. — Follows from premise but no data on current usage.

argument

C3 Key references will be provided as entry points for further exploration, rather than a comprehensive survey. — Pragmatic approach, well-justified.

argument

C4 The review will cover bibliographies, journals, computer types, programming, numerical analysis, and applications in education/psychology. — Structural conclusion, no empirical claims.

argument

P1 A wide variety of computational aids is currently available to educators, ranging from slide rule and desk calculator to punched-card equipment and electronic computation. — General observation, no specific data cited.

argument

P2 The electronic computer will probably be the preferred aid in extensive calculations whenever available. — Argument based on emerging trends, not quantified.

argument

P3 Electronic computers require more radical changes in research methods compared to other computational aids. — Logical but not empirically demonstrated.

argument

P4 Much large-scale educational calculating is currently done with punched-card equipment. — No population or usage statistics provided.

argument

P5 The computational literature includes topics like numerical analysis, computer logic, and engineering, which lack specific reference to education or psychology. — Observational claim, no counterexamples addressed.

argument

1959

<i>Notes</i>: Utilization of the High Speed Electronic Computer

Richard C. Nelson · Research Quarterly American Association… · cited 0× · doi:10.1080/10671188.1959.10613049

Not decomposed yet — the abstract wasn't reachable open-access. It stays on the spine; the walker retries via citing papers' context.

1962

History of Digital Computing Devices

Enoch J. Haga · School Science and Mathematics · cited 1× · doi:10.1111/j.1949-8594.1962.tb08662.x

Not decomposed yet — the abstract wasn't reachable open-access. It stays on the spine; the walker retries via citing papers' context.

1953

Sommaire des revues

A G E L I C, ; Professor Ryle, Group Personality +20 · Laval théologique et philosophique · cited 0× · doi:10.7202/1019893ar

Not decomposed yet — the abstract wasn't reachable open-access. It stays on the spine; the walker retries via citing papers' context.

1964

Philosophical Aspects Of Medical Criteria

Raymond L Brock · Philosophy · cited 0× · doi:10.1017/s0031819100055224

Not decomposed yet — the abstract wasn't reachable open-access. It stays on the spine; the walker retries via citing papers' context.

1965

THE NEUROLOGICAL BASIS OF MIND

James W. Lance · The Medical Journal of Australia · cited 5× · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1965.tb25273.x

Not decomposed yet — the abstract wasn't reachable open-access. It stays on the spine; the walker retries via citing papers' context.

1970

The Relationship Between Brain and Mind

James W. Lance · Elsevier eBooks · cited 0× · doi:10.1016/b978-0-407-35850-8.50016-1

Not decomposed yet — the abstract wasn't reachable open-access. It stays on the spine; the walker retries via citing papers' context.

1981

The relationship between brain and mind

James W. Lance, James G. McLeod · Elsevier eBooks · cited 0× · doi:10.1016/b978-0-407-00196-1.50019-x

Not decomposed yet — the abstract wasn't reachable open-access. It stays on the spine; the walker retries via citing papers' context.

2001

Sir John Carew Eccles, A.C. 27 January 1903 – 2 May 1997

S 86 · V 95 ⚖ 24

D.R. Curtis, P. Andersen · Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the … · cited 12× · doi:10.1098/rsbm.2001.0010

The argument, decomposed

→ read it as a story (PaperStories)

C1 Sir John Eccles had a remarkable and outstanding impact on the neurosciences for more than six decades. — Inferred from premises; 'remarkable' is evaluative.

argument

C2 Eccles' contributions to synaptic mechanisms and neuronal organization remain foundational to brain research. — Supported by abstract but not empirically verified here.

argument

C3 Eccles' administrative roles at ANU and the Australian Academy of Science were significant. — Mentioned but not detailed or substantiated.

argument

P1 Sir John Eccles died on 2 May 1997 at the age of 94. — Direct statement of fact.

argument

P2 Eccles performed research in Oxford, Sydney, Dunedin, Canberra, Chicago, and Buffalo from 1927 until 1975 (48 years). — Explicitly stated in abstract.

argument

P3 Eccles produced numerous scientific papers and books from pioneering experimental studies of synaptic mechanisms and neuronal organization in the mammalian CNS. — Well-supported by abstract, though 'numerous' is subjective.

argument

P4 Eccles' work continues to have a major influence on brain research. — Claimed influence is plausible but not quantified.

argument

P5 Eccles' writings on mind-brain interaction generated wide interest and debate. — Supported by abstract, but 'wide' is subjective.

argument

2014

The Evolution of the Performance Model from Black Box to the Logic Model Through Systems Thinking

Daniel Williams · International Journal of Public Adminis… · cited 7× · doi:10.1080/01900692.2014.944989

The argument, decomposed

→ read it as a story (PaperStories)

C1 The evolution of the performance model from Input/Output to logic models could be improved by adopting more coherence, integration with more performance constructs, and use of more systems constructs. — Normative claim; lacks empirical support or specific examples.

argument

P1 From approximately 1900 through the early 1970s, the examination of organizational performance in the United States reflected the Input/Output construct, associated with scientific management. — Historical claim, lacks specific citations or data for exact timeline.

argument

P2 Beginning in the mid-1950s and accelerating in the 1970s, the Input/Output construct transformed through systems thinking to Input → Throughput → Output. — General trend described; no specific studies or data cited.

argument

P3 In current language, the Input → Throughput → Output model is known as the 'logic model.' — Definitionally sound but lacks citation for 'current language' claim.

argument

P4 There is no single accepted variant of the logic model. — Plausible but unsupported by evidence in abstract.

argument